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Unfortunately, the bibliography for the corresponding chapter in the biography by Nitske and Wilson (3) does not clarify where the authors obtained this information nor does it list references to the writings by Diesel discussed here. Thus, according to Nitske and Wilson, the peanut oil-powered diesel engine at the 1900 World’s Fair in Paris was built specifically to use that fuel, which is not consistent with the statements in Diesel’s book (1) and the literature cited below.
Furthermore, the above texts from the biography (3) and Diesel’s book (1) imply that it was not Diesel who conducted the demonstration and that he was not the source of the idea of using vegetable oils as fuel. According to Diesel, the idea for using peanut oil appears to have originated instead within the French government (see text below). However, Diesel conducted related tests in later years and appeared supportive of the concept. A Chemical Abstracts search yielded references to other papers by Diesel in which he reflected in greater detail on that event in 1900. Two references (4,5) relate to a presentation Diesel made to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (of Great Britain) in March 1912. (Apparently in the last few years of his life, Diesel spent considerable time traveling to give presentations, according to the biography by Nitske and Wilson.) Diesel states in these papers (4,5) that “at the Paris Exhibition in 1900 there was shown by the Otto Company a small Diesel engine, which, at the request of the French Government, ran on Arachide (earth-nut or pea-nut) oil, and worked so smoothly that only very few people were aware of it. The engine was constructed for using mineral oil, and was then worked on vegetable oil without any alterations being made. The French Government at the time thought of testing the applicability to power production of the Arachide, or earth-nut, which grows in considerable quantities in their African colonies, and which can be easily cultivated there, because in this way the colonies could be supplied with power and industry from their own resources, without being compelled to buy and import coal or liquid fuel. This question has not been further developed in France owing to changes in the Ministry, but the author resumed the trials a few months ago. It has been proved that Diesel engines can be worked on earth-nut oil without any difficulty, and the author is in a position to publish, on this occasion for the first time, reliable figures obtained by tests: Consumption of earth-nut oil, 240 grammes (0.53 lb) per brake horsepower-hour; calorific power of the oil, 8600 calories (34,124 British thermal units) per kg, thus fully equal to tar oils; hydrogen 11.8 percent. This oil is almost as effective as the natural mineral oils, and as it can also be used for lubricating oil, the whole work can be carried out with a single kind of oil produced directly on the spot. Thus this engine becomes a really independent engine for the tropics.” Diesel continued that (note the prescient concluding statement), “similar successful experiments have also been made in St. Petersburg with castor oil; and animal oils, such as train-oil, have been used with excellent results. The fact that fat oils from vegetable sources can be used may seem insignificant today, but such oils may perhaps become in course of time of the same importance as some natural mineral oils and the tar products are now. Twelve years ago, the latter were not more developed than the fat oils are today, and yet how important they have since become. One cannot predict what part these oils will play in the Colonies in the future. In any case, they make it certain that motor-power can still be produced from the heat of the sun, which is always available for agricultural purposes, even when all our natural stores of solid and liquid fuels are exhausted.”
The following discussion is based on numerous references available mainly from searching Chemical Abstracts or from a publication summarizing literature before 1949 on fuels from agricultural sources (6). Because many of the older references are not readily available, the summaries in Chemical Abstracts were used as information source in these cases. By: Gerhard Knothe
The History of Vegetable Oil-Based Diesel Fuels (Part 2)
The History of Vegetable Oil-Based Diesel Fuels (Part 1)
It is generally known that vegetable oils and animal fats were investigated as diesel fuels well before the energy crises of the 1970s and early 1980s sparked renewed interest in alternative fuels. It is also known that Rudolf Diesel (1858-1913), the inventor of the engine that bears his name, had some interest in these fuels. However, the early history of vegetable oil-based diesel fuels is often presented inconsistently, and “facts” that are not compatible with Diesel’s own statements are encountered frequently.
Therefore, it is appropriate to begin this history with the words of Diesel himself in his book Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors (1) [The Development (or Creation or Rise or Coming) of the Diesel Engine] in which he describes when the first seed of developing what was to become the diesel engine was planted in his mind. In the first chapter of the book entitled “The Idea,” Diesel states: “When my highly respected teacher, Professor Linde, explained to his listeners during the lecture on thermodynamics in 1878 at the Polytechnikum in Munich (note: now the Technical University of Munich) that the steam engine only converts 6-10% of the available heat content of the fuel into work, when he explained Carnot’s theorem and elaborated that during the isothermal change of state of a gas all transferred heat is converted into work, I wrote in the margin of my notebook: ‘Study, if it isn’t possible to practically realize the isotherm!’ At that time I challenged myself! That was not yet an invention, not even the idea for it. From then on, the desire to realize the ideal Carnot process determined my existence. I left the school, joined the practical side, had to achieve my standing in life. The thought constantly pursued me.”
This statement by Diesel clearly shows that he approached the development of the diesel engine from a thermodynamic point of view. The objective was to develop an efficient engine. The relatively common assertion made today that Diesel developed “his” engine specifically to use vegetable oils as fuel is therefore incorrect.
In a later chapter of his book entitled “Liquid Fuels,” Diesel addresses the use of vegetable oils as a fuel: “For [the] sake of completeness it needs to be mentioned that already in the year 1900 plant oils were used successfully in a diesel engine. During the Paris Exposition in 1900, a small diesel engine was operated on arachide (peanut) oil by the French Otto Company. It worked so well that only a few insiders knew about this inconspicuous circumstance. The engine was built for petroleum and was used for the plant oil without any change. In this case also, the consumption experiments resulted in heat utilization identical to petroleum.” A total of five diesel engines were shown at the Paris Exposition, according to a biography (2) of Diesel by his son, Eugen Diesel, and one of them was apparently operating on peanut oil.
The statements in Diesel’s book can be compared to a relatively frequently cited source on the initial use of vegetable oils, a biography entitled Rudolf Diesel, Pioneer of the Age of Power (3). In this biography, the statement is made that “as the nineteenth century ended, it was obvious that the fate and scope of the internal-combustion engine were dependent on its fuel or fuels. At the Paris Exposition of 1900, a Diesel engine, built by the French Otto Company, ran wholly on peanut oil. Apparently none of the onlookers was aware of this. The engine, built especially for that type of fuel, operated exactly like those powered by other oils.”
Cellulose for Your Diet
Cellulose is one type of fiber. Fiber is an indisgestible substance found in plant foods. Fiber absorbs water and helps to form a larger, softer stool for easy elimination from the bowels. Cellulose is a Water-insoluble fiber that can be found at whole wheat flour, Unprocessed bran, cabbage, peas, green beans, wax beans, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cucumber with skin, green peppers, and carrots.
Why consume cellulose is recommended for your diet?it's because consume cellulose may help to decrease the risk of certain diseases(e.g Colon cancer) and has shown beneficial in the treatment of obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol. diet with cellulose is recommended for many conditions including constipation, spastic colon, irritable bowel syndrome (alternating diarrhea and constipation), and uncomplicated diverticulosis.
The Values of a Business Coach
Yesterday I saw an article on www.microei.org by Angelo Edwards about the values of a Business Coach and I think it's very helpful information to me, I think You all should know ho wimportant it is. So what is the value of the business coach to the organization? The value of the coach should be in four areas: Strategic-Thinking Partner, Business Companion, Outside Objective Resource, and Value Drift. Let’s start with the first value.
Strategic-Thinking Partner
The business coach should help you visualize creative future scenarios that are beneficial to the organization for example, (reaching a fundraising goal, increasing market share, establishing new program services.) The coach can aid in transforming dreams into commitments, enthusiasm, and results that are grounded in reality and not fanciful panaceas. The coach can assist you to think beyond the constraints of what you already know and design new ways forward.
Invite the coach to your annual retreat where you’re developing your strategic plan. As the organization is determining where it must be at a specific point in its business cycle, the coach should be a participating partner. The coach is a partner with your organization providing expert analysis or sometimes acting as a facilitator, but what you’ve garnered is a partner without the downside of a partnership. Your new partner can now become a non-judgmental sounding board as the organization sets realizable goals and objectives and provides feedforward in their attainment.
Business Companion
A business coach as a business companion focuses on high-value actions vs. low-value activities, thus eliminating wasted energy. Wasted energy in projects that are stymied, lead nowhere or, are ill-conceived can be detrimental to the success of the organization. The coach provides fresh perspectives and objective observations as projects are designed, implemented, and monitored. The coach helps the organization evaluate new opportunities and assists with handling challenges that may arise as the organization attempts to move forward in a positive direction. Lastly, as a business companion, the coach is there to help transform apparent obstacles into creative ways forward and applying experienced brainstorming techniques and models for making specific decisions.
Outside Objective Resource
A coach’s main strategy is to bring their resources of new ideas, insights, proven approaches, solutions, and help to the betterment of the organization. With the involvement of the coach, they can also bring attention and momentum to projects that would otherwise never begin. They are someone with whom to collaborate, invent and discover. Being an outsider, they are a great source to help develop new networks and alliances to expand the organization’s reach.
Value Drift
If a coach is doing a good job, the organization’s sense of the coach’s value naturally declines over time. This decline is called “value drift” as defined by Germaine Porche and Jed Niederer, authors of “Coach Anyone About Anything.” The coach works with the organization in a developmental aspect, constantly moving towards the goals and objectives set by the organization. As the organization gains more confidence in achieving its goals and objectives, the drift becomes natural, almost to the point where the organization may perceive that the coach is just coming along for the ride. A good coach embraces this value drift as part of doing business and considers it as a welcomed occupational hazard. Be careful as an organization not to become coach-dependent. Remember, the coach is there to help lead you, not to set up shop.
Of all the values discussed, the most important value that the coach should bring to the business relationship is the Value Drift. Gone are the days when consultants would milk their clients through unnecessary long-tern billable hours without there being any value-add to the organization once the consultant’s contract has ended. Now you know that a valuable coach should work their way out of a job.
Diseases linked to calcium deficiency
Diabetes is a common metabolic disorder. The energy of patients declines day by day, just like in a dying tree, because of the urine containing a great amount of sugar. Through the urine, a great amount of calcium is also lost. The deficiency in calcium metabolism reinforces the symptoms of diabetes. Sixty percent of diabetics suffer from osteoporosis. Therefore calcium deficiency is a serious problem for diabetics. Diabetics should pay more attention to supplying calcium from food and other sources to reactivate their vital force.
Calcium ions play an important role in a process that neurotransmitters release. The transfer of calcium ions from both
inside and outside of the nerve cell is closely related to the activating and resting of brain messages. When the human body
lacks calcium, the release of the nerve messages will be blocked,and the mechanism of activating and resting will also be desstroyed. The resulting symptoms in children are restlessness in sleep, fidgeting, insomnia, and hyperactivity. In middle aged and elderly people, symptoms will be stubbornness, mood swings, divers neuropathic diseases, loss of retentive memory, lowered resistance, and neurostemic and senile dementia. All these symptoms reflect the decline of the nervous systems functioning. To supply calcium at this time is not only helpful to recovery, but can also improve the intelligence quotient and functioning of the brain. Therefore, the use of a calcium supplements is very important, both in the prevention and cure of nervous system disorders.
The heart carries the burden of life. The heart is only as big as a closed fist, but it continuously pumps blood to every cell of the human body. It is totally dependent on the contraction and expansion of the cardiac muscle, and to do this the cardiac muscle must store and use energy. It cannot do this without calcium. When the heart constricts calcium ions control its rhythm. Let's look inside the cardiac muscle cell. You will see that when calcium enters the inside of the cell, it activates a protein to cause the action of the cardiac muscle, so it makes the cardiac muscle contract and expand again and again to keep us alive. A lack of calcium weakens the ability of the cardiac muscle to contract and expand, and causes various heart diseases. Tests show that if we introduce calcium ions into the weakened cardiac muscle the heart
gradually regains power, so it is quite clear that the role of calcium is very important to a healthy heart beat.
Arteriosclerosis is a non-inflammatory, pathological change of the artery, which causes the vessels to thicken and harden, and then to lose elasticity, thus decreasing the flow of blood. It is caused by fatty substance accumulating and blocking the blood vessels and increasing fibrous matter. When the body seriously lacks calcium, and the calcium in the blood is low, the parathyroid sends an order, which causes bone calcium to enter the blood. The calcium dissolved from bone causes a problem in blood vessels, it arrests fat there, causing the vessels to thicken and harden, and lose elasticity.
Arteriosclerosis, the primary reason for hypertension, and coronary and cerebral vascular disease, seriously threatens our health. Recent research shows that people should always use calcium supplements when they are dealing with arteriosclerosis. A calcium supplement not only prevents arteriosclerosis and hypertension, but also possesses the capacity to reduce fatty
substances in the blood.
Finally, let us look at the digestive system. In the complex process of the human body ingesting nutrition, the calcium ion plays an important role. In the digestive system, calcium ions not only maintain and control the activity of the smooth muscle in the alimentary canal, but also participate in the functions of excretion and activation of digestive enzymes. The upper part of the small intestine absorbs calcium, the duodenum absorbs calcium most quickly, and the ileum, the lowest division of the small intestine, because of its greater length, absorbs the greater quantity of it.
The absorption of calcium is mostly through the intestinal mucous membranes. It is the most important means of maintaining a
normal level of calcium in the body. A long period of chronic bellyache or diarrhea can block the absorption of calcium by the intestines, so it reduces the amount of calcium in the blood. This stimulates the parathyroid, increases the concentration of calcium in the intestines, and induces convulsions of the smooth muscles of the stomach and intestines. So supplying calcium to the sufferers makes up for the decrease of calcium in the blood, caused by absorption being obstruction in the bowels, and also helps to alleviate the symptom of diarrhea.
Ulcers are chronic cankers of the stomach and duodenum induced by stomach acid and stomach protein enzymes that cause the
stomach mucous membrane to digest itself. An increase in excretion of stomach acid, whether caused by unhealthy diet, surplus bile, or a nervous condition, is an important cause of ulcers. When the body lacks calcium, acid stomach easily occurs, along with an exorbitant increase of pepsins and of stomach protein enzymes, which induce alimentary canal ulcers, which if serious, can be life threatening. So as part of the general cure we should pay attention to supplying enough calcium.
Lack of calcium can cause numerous diseases. Calcium deficiency is a long term and hidden condition, which destroys human health, and brings on divers diseases. Experts in biology and physics have demonstrated that calcium deficiency is at the root of many diseases. Lack of calcium in young people may be glossed over by their youth. But for elderly people, women, and children, it is comparatively serious. We have paid a great toll of health and life to gain our present knowledge regarding calcium deficiency.
Now we want to answer a question that people often ask. Can we supply the calcium that our bodies lack by eating a more balanced diet? Though the amount of calcium elements on the earth is not small, the content of calcium in the human diet is not great. Generally speaking, the notion that calcium deficiency can be avoided by eating properly is a prevalent mistake. Many factors influence the absorption of calcium, such as the proportion of calcium to phosphorus, temperature at which food is cooked, eating habits, lifestyle, health situation, and digestive mechanism.
So we should understand the complexity and limits of calcium absorption, and pay more attention to supplying calcium and
preparing our nutrition accordingly.
Given the importance of calcium supplements, we have to pay attention to their quality. They should have:
1. A high content of calcium, easy absorption, and a high rate of body utilization in proper proportions.
2. No side effects, and convenience of carrying and taking.
3. Good content of nutrients, such as multivitamins and trace elements.
Now we are at the dawn of a new century. People are gaining new knowledge about the relation between calcium and life, and
calcium and disease. People will eventually know the importance of calcium supplementation, and calcium as a life source helping them to live more healthy and fulfilled lives.
How much Calcium is needed,and what the best source?
According to scientific research, you could get enough calcium for your daily needs from:
2 gallons of milk
23 pounds of spinach, plus 17 pounds of broccoli
approximately 23 pounds of cabbage,
"OR"
You could supplement your diet with calcium capsules.
About Calcium
The discovery of the relationship between calcium and life activity and diseases is one of the most remarkable achievements in health product research in the last twenty-five years of this century. Human beings cannot exist without calcium. Calcium ions play an important roll in the whole process of continuing life.
Just look at the relationship between calcium and life. Calcium is the source of human life; it plays an important roll physiologically in every stage of human growth, from conception to old age. Calcium is an essential and indispensable element needed to preserve the health of the body and to promote longevity.
From the angle of ordinary physical capability, a man and a woman can undoubtedly create a new life, but from the angle of nutritional balances within the body, we see that without a proper balance of calcium new life cannot take place.
Basic medical research and clinical experience demonstrates that the calcium ion plays an influential role in this aspects of begetting life. In the process of conception, the male sperm moves toward the female egg with the energy provided by calcium. To scientistÌs surprise, they found that there is a calcium component on the top front part of sperm. It's this calcium component that helps the sperm to pierce and penetrate the inner membrane of the egg cell. When the sperm reaches the ovum cell fertilization is about to take place. Meanwhile, undulating substances composed of calcium surround the ovum cell,
creating what is called calcium vibration. Calcium vibration functions to stimulate the ovum, allowing it to gain the ability to be fertilized, thus creating a new life. We see from this that if calcium were lacking, it would directly affect the fertilizing vitality of the sperm, leading to infertility.
The important effect of calcium on life is so significant that in addition to choosing foods rich in calcium, we need to take an appropriate amount of calcium supplements. Newborn infants usually gain twenty to thirty grams of weight each day. Zero to six years is the most accelerated period of calcium metabolism during the entire life cycle.
The calcium needed at that time is over twice that of the newborn period. Proper amounts of calcium at this time are the chief component of good dental health. Calcium deficiency in young people under eighteen years of age will have a seriously negative affect on their growth, and this period is also the last chance to cure any calcium deficiency in bones which would cause many bone diseases in adulthood.
From eighteen to thirty years of age people's bone quantity keeps increasing and reaches its peak somewhere around thirty-five. From thirty-five to fifty bone quantity is gradually lost. From fifty to seventy people experience their greatest bone loss. This long-term calcium loss in human life causes abnormal calcium distribution in the human
body.
Calcium deficiency in young people will affect both their energy in working and studying, and their psychological health, and cause early aging of the bones. Medium age and older people need to supplement calcium before its deficiency will lead to other diseases. So you can see that we need to be taking calcium supplements over the period of our entire life.
Lets discuss for a moment the influence of calcium specifically on women. From the third month of pregnancy a fetuses need for calcium increases greatly. At that time the mother supplies a large amount of calcium from her body, and besides that the quantity of her own blood circulation also increases, as a result of which the calcium content of her blood decreases, and displays a low blood calcium content. Low blood calcium content is likely to cause the mother to have hypertension, birthing difficulty, pelvic deformity, and loosening of teeth. It can cause the baby to be malformed. So pregnant women
need to be nourished with more calcium especially from the middle stage of their pregnancy.
During the nursing period women's need for calcium will increase because the mother gives up a lot of calcium to her baby through her milk. During this time, a large amount of calcium stored in the mother's body is consumed. If not nourished by additional calcium, in time the mother will suffer from aging, low immunity, and endocrine imbalances, and her body's health will be endangered.
Menopausal women experience a decreased functioning of the ovaries, and a decrease in estrogen. Ovaries participate in the
metabolism of the important organs in the human body. They have an especially close connection with bone metabolism, which will affect women's physiological and nervous system. With the decrease of ovary function, the calcium in women's bones is gradually lost and excreted through the urine. Thus the calcium content of women's bones will obviously be less. The low calcium absorbing ability of aged women's intestines causes their bodies to be seriously calcium deficient. Therefore we say that women especially need calcium supplements throughout their entire lives.
The stimulation of skeletal muscle is caused by the calcium ion,the density of which causes the contraction and expansion of the skeletal muscle. Like an army commander, calcium directs all the movements of the human body.
During the contraction of a muscle, when the nerve fiber is activated, calcium ions flow into the cells. The density of calcium is the basic standard controlling the contraction of the muscles.Calcium stored in the muscle is mainly in the myoplasm net of the skeletal muscle, and the myoplasm net is the most important transportation system for the transmission of the calcium ion. When muscle needs to contract, the skeletal muscle is exited, calcium flows from the myoplasm net and into the cells. Calcium ions in the cells flow out to help the muscle to expand. The whole process is very short.
If the balance in the muscle is destroyed for any reason, the smooth muscle and the heart muscle will be abnormal, which
causes people to lose the ability to control their bodies.
Calcium in the form of calcium salt gives hardness to the bones, which enables the skeleton to carry the whole body. When we
observe calcium deficiency in your bones, we will find that the metabolism of the bone cells is abnormal. This is called
osteoporosis, which causes the following symptoms. Bone pain, susceptibility to fractures, and bone abnormalities. The most
serious is that people break their bones frequently, even during normal activities. During the healing period, people need even more calcium to accelerate the bone connection. Clinical experience shows that calcium deficiency causes the fractures.
Poor nutrient absorption and poor sunlight absorption can prevent calcium salt from penetrating to the appropriate site, and that causes rickets. The main symptoms of rickets are soft cranial bones, abnormal ribs, chicken breasts, and bowed or splayed legs.
A long period of calcium deficiency can bring on osteoporosis, which is a common and frequently occurring disease of aged
people, and whose prevalent symptoms are pain in the waist and while bending, and frequent, constrictive fractures of the breast and lumbar bones. Ninety-nine percent of the calcium in a normal personÌs body exists in the bones, only one percent being in the parenchyma and the blood. But in aged people who lack calcium, the amount of calcium in the bone is only sixty percent. The result of osteoporosis is degenerative transformation, so older people should enhance their nutrition and exercises, while at the same time they supplement their calcium intake, which can help them, regain their health.
Everything points to the fact that diseases of the bones need supplements of calcium. Tianshi High Absorption Calcium Powder
has special properties for improving bone density.
Now let's take a look at the diseases of the immune system caused by calcium deficiency. When a foreign germ, virus, toxin, or other disease attacks the body, the immune system acts as a guard to do battle with the invader, and reject foreign matter. But it is the calcium ions, which give the first alarm about the invasion, and give orders to the immune cells to act, to seize the enemy by taking different shapes to capture and destroy them. Therefore, we can see the importance of calcium in the functioning of the immune system. When people lack calcium, the immune function will be fouled up, and permit divers skin conditions, such as scabby skin, dermatitis, acne, and others, as well as rheumatism. Calcium supplement improves the functioning of the immune system, and has a curative effect on these diseases. In this regard, calcium also protects the skin, and improves its appearance.